Closest equivalent to the Chinese jocular use of 职业病 (occupational disease): job creates habits that manifest inappropriately outside work

The most straightforwardly similar term is "occupational hazard", which is frequently used this way (in my experience).

Bruce Sterling writes in his book "The Hacker Crackdown":

Besides, science fiction people are used to being misinterpreted.  Science fiction is a colorful, disreputable, slipshod occupation, full of unlikely oddballs, which, of course, is why we like it.  Weirdness can be an occupational hazard in our field.  People who wear Halloween costumes are sometimes mistaken for monsters.

In "The Geometry of Ecological Interactions" we have:

If the "occupational hazard" of being a field ecologist is thinking that everything is important and therefore must be included, the occupational hazard of theoreticians is building general, abstract models without a clear goal other than exploring the dynamics of the model itself.

From Emily Richards' "Somewhere between Luck and Trust":

There’s a phrase.” She tried to recall it and couldn’t. “Occupational...” “Hazard?” Analiese supplied. “That’s the one. Assuming somebody’s lying. Is that an occupational hazard of being a minister?” Analiese looked as if she was trying not to smile. “My occupational hazard is trying to read people’s minds, to see if they need help telling more of the truth. I have a feeling you have things buried deep inside you that you can’t share with anybody yet. Things eating at you.

”

From The Herald (Scotland),

Is Brian Cox's swearing habit an occupational hazard?

Succession star Brian Cox says role has made him swear 'a lot' in real life

In Captain America: Civil War, Tony Stark overreacts to someone removing something from their purse, and then to explain his overreaction he says "Sorry, it's an occupational hazard."

In English, in a conversation, we can say "Sorry, work habit" followed by a sheepish smile or "(It's) just a work habit". It's difficult to find written usages as it is mainly conversational. The phrase occupational habit is used also, instead of work habit.

Here is a written example I've found in a story:

"I know exactly who you are," he paused and I couldn't help but hold my breath under his arresting gaze. "You're... a psychotherapist."

My chest deflated in a long relieved sigh as my shoulders slumped.

"You're right," I gave a nervous chuckle. "You got me. Guilty!" I raised my hands to my sides.

"This is why you asked me about my time in college," his eyes refused to look away from mine. "You're analyzing me."

"It's just a work habit, you know? Can't seem to shake it off," I shrugged nonchalantly, fidgeting with my straw.

wattpad.com

I have encountered the expression professional reflex referring to the situation you describe. E.g.

The White Tiger is a story of servitude, resentment and love – and what its hero calls “the contented smile that comes to the lips of a servant who has done his duty by his master”. He does a lot of smiling in this film, but this is about something other than contentment. It is a professional reflex and a personal holding pattern, a blank grin kept in place while the servant decides if he in fact hates his master, and while he also decides if he might somehow one day be the master himself. (The Guardian, film review)

Perhaps it's a professional reflex, but it seemed to me to be the equivalent of a person posting -as an April Fool's joke - that they had just suffered a heart attack, were on life-support, and might not make it. (source)

However, there is also the concept of professional deformation which is the English version of déformation professionnelle. About this term, Wikipedia says:

Déformation professionnelle (French: professional deformation or job conditioning) is a tendency to look at things from the point of view of one's own profession or special expertise, rather than from a broader or humane perspective. It is often translated as professional deformation, though French déformation can also be translated as "distortion". The implication is that professional training, and its related socialization, often result in a distortion of the way one views the world. The Nobel laureate Alexis Carrel has observed that "every specialist, owing to a well-known professional bias, believes that he understands the entire human being, while in reality he only grasps a tiny part of him."

It is interesting to note that

"Déformation professionnelle" was used in 19th-century medicine to describe a bodily deformity caused by one's occupation.

Just as your Chinese term, I suppose one could use this expression to mean that you do something out of a habit that was instilled in you by your profession.

We sometimes refer to “bringing our work home”. In this usage, it refers more to the behaviour than to actual work done for the employer. Here is an example from cartoon stock:

Cartoonstock